Solar system on a sting model

I'm making a to-scale solar system model out of the sting. this model will be made of paper, string blue-tack. 

Aim: To make a scale model of the solar system. 

Equipment: 

You'll need Paper, 10m of string, some blue tack and paint/colouring in pencils. 

Method: 

1. First find all of the equipment that you'll need. like, paper and the 10m of string. 

2. Then convert the size of the solar system to 10m meters. 

3. Plot out where on the sting each planet will sit. 

4. Draw/trace out the pictures of each planet and cut them out. 

5. Stick and cut out planets and stick them to their corresponding spots on the string using blue-tack. 

done!

1m = 4.4 x 10^11m 

Distances:

Mercury: 57,91 million Km  =  13 cm 

Venus: 108.2 million Km  = 24 cm 

Earth: 149.6 million Km  = 33cm 

Mars 227.9 million Km = 51cm 

Jupiter: 778.5 million Km = 1.76m

Saturn: 1.434 billion  Km = 3.2m 

Uranus: 2.871 billion  Km = 6.5m 

Neptune: 4.495 billion Km = 10m 

Research:

Mercury:                                                                                                                                                Mercury is the closest planet to the sun at only 57.91 million Km away from it. 

Venus:                                                                                                                                                         Is the second closest planet to the sun at only  108.2 million Km away from it. 

Earth:                                                                                                                                                         Earth is the planet that we live on and it is the third planet from the sun.  The earth orbits the sun at a distance of  149.6 million Km. 

Mars:                                                                                                                                                             Mars is the fourth planet from the sun and orbits 227.9 million Km away. 

Jupiter:                                                                                                                                                     Jupiter is the fifth planet in the solar system and is the biggest planet. (other than the sun). it orbits 778.5 million Km away from the sun. 

Saturn:                                                                                                                                                         Is the sixth planet in the solar system and orbits  1.434 billion  Km away from the sun. 

Uranus:                                                                                                                                                         Is the seventh planet in the solar system and orbits the sun 2.871 billion  Km away. 

Neptune:                                                                                                                                                Neptune is the eighth planet from the sun and orbits it  4.495 billion Kms away. 

The End Result!

Discussion: 

My project was to see just how spaced out the planets would be are to each other when at such a small scale. 

Solar Eclipses

How does it happen? 

A Solar eclipse happens when the moon goes between the sun and earth and blocks the light coming from it.  

What would we see?

It would get very dark and last 15 mins then it would get bright again. 

last one?

The last solar Eclipse happened in 1965.  

Next one?

The next solar eclipse will happen in 2028.

 

  

Mount Taranaki 

Mount Taranaki is a volcano that's shaped like a symmetrical peak that stands in isolation to the west of the Central North Island volcanoes. At 2,518 metres high, it is the second-highest peak in the North Island after Ruapehu and is New Zealand’s largest mainland volcanic cone by volume. Taranaki is the youngest, largest and only active volcano in a chain that includes the Kaitake and Pouakai Ranges, Paritutu and the Sugar Loaves. All these are now eroded remains of what were once large volcanoes. Taranaki began erupting about 130,000 years ago, with large eruptions occurring on average every 500 years and smaller eruptions about 90 years apart. At present, the mountain is considered to be a “sleeping” active volcano that is likely to erupt again. There are significant potential hazards from lahars, debris avalanches, and floods.

                    

lockdown experiment

 Aim: To see how the ambient air pressure can crush a soda can. 

Method: 

To start the things you're going to need: 

1. soda can (preferably a coke or similarly shaped can) 

2. A bowl of cold water. ( The colder the better) 

3. A pair of tongs 

4. A source of heat (i.e a stove) 

1. First, clean your soda can. 

2. Get a bowl and fill it with water. (the colder the better) 

3. Add a tablespoon of water to the can then. 

4. Get your tongs and put the can over a source of heat. 

5. Wait for the water to start boiling in the can and wisps of steam coming out. 

6. Quickly turn the can upside down and dunk it under the water and hold it there with the tongs. 

7. After this the can will crush itself.

Results: 

 

Discussion: 

The reason that the can seems to implode and crush itself is that the air pressure around us had crushed it. this happens because the water that we put in the can beforehand be boiled and the steam expanded to 1600x and filled the space inside the can instead of air. Because of this when we put the hot can full of steam in the cold water the steam rapidly contracted and struck causing the can to collapse in on itself. This is why the water had to be cold for this to work as we wanted the steam to contract as fast as it could. 

Conclusion: 

When I did it worked spectacularly, though my camera didn't catch the true loudness of the can collapsing in on its self. If I were to do this again then I wouldn't do anything different. 

The Ethics of cloning.

 The ethics of cloning is a hotly debated subject that many have their own ideas about. Here are some ideas about the consequences and implications of cloning. 

Famous scientists

 Famous scientists: Steven Hawking 

Steven Hawking was born in Oxford into a family of doctors and He began his university education at University College, Oxford, in October 1959 at the age of 17, where he received a first-class BA  degree in physics. He began his graduate work at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in October 1962, where he obtained his PhD degree in applied mathematics and theoretical physics, specialising in general relativity and cosmology in March 1966. Hawking was later diagnosed with an early-onset slow-progressing form of motor neurone disease that gradually paralysed him over the years. he lived to the age of 76 and died in 2018, after living with motor neurone disease for more than 50 years.

 He was famous for the invention of the Hawking radiation theory and it theorises that black holes will eventually evaporate after time. 

kiwi fruit DNA extraction

 Aim : to extract DNA from a kiwi fruit 

Method: 

1. Mush half a kiwi fruit in a zip lock bag with a splash of water and a small teaspoon of salt. 

2. strain the solution through a cloth into a beaker 

3. add a squirt of dishwashing liquid and stir. 

4. pour in the test tube. 

5. place the test tube in a beaker filled with warm water. 

6. leave for 10min. 

slowly pour 5ml of methylated spirits down the inside of the test tube. 

Results 

The discussion:

 You can find DNA anywhere and everywhere from plants and animals to humans. DNA is made up of nucleotides and consisting of A=T and C=G and they are always found in these pairings. Surprisingly humans share about 60% of our DNA with kiwi fruit. 

Conclusion: I would not do anything different as it worked perfectly and I extracted DNA

 

Wind racers science

 Wind racers. 

Aim: To make our wind racer go the farthest. 

Research: youtube

Equipment:  

-trolly

-bamboo

-cardboard 

-newspaper

-tape

-string 

-plastic bag 

Method:

1. Cut a large triangle out of paper 

2. Put a cardboard strip/popsicle sticks on the bottom of the sail to keep it straight and weigh the sail down a bit

3. tape the paper to the post and the bottom of the cart to keep the sail straight. 

4. find some wind and race

Results: 

This is the result of our building and when we did the race it won! 

Discussion: Our racer won because of the large sail that we put on it and it was able to catch the wind better than others. but another thing is that there's a downside to having a big sail and that's air resistance which slowed our cart down considerably. But because our cart moved slowly it was able to catch more wind and go further than others. Another force that acted on the racer was thrust that was supplied by the wind/leaf blower and the gravity that keep it on the ground which is why I chose to have a metal bar because that increased our weight making the racer more stable and more resistant to falling over like some others did. 

Conclusion: the wind racer work and won the race going further than any other and building it again I would do nothing different but maybe I'll try a bamboo stick next time. 

Corrosion - science

When metals are exposed to the environment they can deteriorate and break down. scientist call this process corrosion.  Rust is the term used to describe the corrosion of iron. 

Aim: To investigate the factors that rust iron. 

equipment: for test tubes test rack, a bung, 6 iron nails, nail polish, oil, salt, calcium chloride and aluminium foil. 

method:

1. label the four test tubes with what's in them 

2. the test tubes will have:

1. water 

2. water + oil

3. nail polish covered nail

4. saltwater 

5. calcium chloride + bung on the top of the test tube

6. aluminium wrapped nail

3. leave the test tubes unattended for at least three days. 

Observations: the nails rusted during the last three days and we observed that they rusted at different rates the saltwater rusted faster than the water tube and the test tubes with water + oil didn't rust much and the nail with nail polish didn't rust because it had a protective covering, the aluminium foil wrapped one had the same effect and didn't rust and the calcium chloride and bung test tube dint rust much. 

Conversation: 

The water rusted the nail because of the oxygen dissolved in the water and the water with the salt it rusted faster because of the extra ions that the salt adds to the water. the water and oil didn't rust much because the oil on the top of the water stopped extra oxygen from dissolving into the water and the calcium chloride test tube that had the bung just kept the oxygen out stoping any rust from occurring, the aluminium wrapped and nail polished coated nail didn't rust because they formed a barrier from the nail and the water keeping them from coming in contact with the water. 

Testing for hydrogen

The AIM: To show that hydrogen gas is produced when a metal reacts with acid.

Equipment:
1. Test Tube

2. Boiling Tube

3. Bunsen Burner

4. Wooden splint

5. Bottle of acid

6. Piece of metal

7. Saftey Glasses

Method:

1. Light your bunsen burner
2. Add your sample of metal to your test tube. Add 3ml of acid
3. Carefully invert the boiling tube above the test tube containing the metal and acid.
4. Hold the test tubes together for a few minutes, allowing time for the inverted boiling tube to fill with gas.
5. When you think the tube if full, your lab partner should light a wooden splint.
6. Carefully, but quickly, tilt the boiling tube full of gas upwards and insert the burning splint into the mouth of the test tube.

Observation:

The tube with the gas in it made a POP sound when the burning splint was put into the mouth of the tube. It worked better when we waited for 1 minute and 20 seconds. The gas turned to smoke after the POP sound. We could tell that a chemical reaction was happening because when the metal hit the acid it started bubbling/ boiling. You could also tell when we added the splint because of the big POP sound.

Neutralization

 Aim: To observe a neutralization reaction. 

equipment: A test tube, test tube rack, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, dropper or dropper bottle and universal indicator.

Method: 

1. fill 4 test tubes with 3ml of acid

2. fill 2 test tubes with 3ml of base 

3. add a squirt of universal indicator to each test tube

4. add different amounts of base and acid to each test tube to get the colours of the rainbow (ROYGBIV)

Results: 

Emily and I worked together in making the rainbow of colours using the acids and base we were given. 

Discussion: 

The colours in the test tube shown are telling us how neutral, basic and acidic the solution is. The redder the solution is the more acidic it is and the bluer it is the more basic it is. just to the right of the centre, the test tube is green and that tells us that the solution in the centre is in theory neutral. The process of neutralisation goes as follows. The acid (HCl) mixes with the base (NaOH) making water. the chemical reaction looks like this. HCl + NaOH → water. this reaction makes the solution more neutral the more balanced the ratio to acid and base there is. 

Conclusion. 

In conclusion, the test tube filled with acid showed the colours of the rainbow using the PH scale. it worked very well. 

Acids and baces

In-class today we used litmus paper and universal indicator to observe the differences between acids and bases  

These are the things that we observed 

Atoms

 

Today in class we made recreations of Atoms using paper, plastic "nucleus", vivid and string. I made a recreation of a helium atom.

Aim: To make a model of an atom 

The method:

1. Chose an atom to make. (between hydrogen and neon)

2. Work out how many protons, neutrons and electrons it has. 

3. Hydrogen to beryllium use the big beads.

4. Boron to neon just the small beads.

5.  Assign protons and newtons to a particular colour of beads.

6. Get a ball of blue tack and stick the protons and neutrons to this to make your nucleus.

7. Cut out the appropriate electron shells and draw on the electrons with vivid.                                                                          

8. Connect the nucleus and electron shell with a piece of string.              Black= neutron Red = proton 

9. Create a label to go above the model so people will know what you have created.

Helium is the second element on the periodic table. It has two protons, two neutrons and two electrons making its atomic number 2. The atomic number is how many protons and electrons the atom has. Its mass number 4.0, however, is how many protons and neutrons there are in the atom in total. Since helium has only two electrons its outer shell only has two electrons and because of this helium is very stable. 

Facts about Helium. 

Helium is a colourless, tasteless and odourless gas and its the second most common element in the Universe. and the gas is almost all ways found in its gas state except in very extreme circumstances.  

filtration experiment

Aim: 

the separate mixture we have made using filtration 

Hypostasis:

 I think if the liquid will change colour and if anything is produced then It could be filtered but if it just changes colour then it will not be able to be filt3er unless we use a chemical filter.   

observations:

when the two liquids mixed the resulting liquid had turned a darker shade of blue and the liquid had become a bit thicker. 

explanation 

this happened because the copper sulfate and sodium carbon switched places meaning that the copper sulfate head become sodium sulfate and the sodium carbonate had become copper carbonate making the liquids filterable because the copper carbonate is filterable because it is solid. the reason the copper carbonate does not dissolve is that the copper carbonate is insoluble.    

mixture and dissolving

 what factures affect the rate of the material dissolving? key ideas mixtures and dissolving and we were learning 

Temperature and how much the substance was agitated 

aim: to see the sugar dissolve in the water

method: we put 50ml of water in the beaker then added the sugar 

result: we found that when heat and stirring are applied then the sugar dissolves faster than without the heat 

discussion: the resin this happened is because the water is stirred made it agitated meaning the sugar molecules could break apart easier also the hot water would git the sugar granular more energy adding to the breaking apart. 

for the first test cold water mixed with one spatula of sugar. stirred.  average time 54sec

for the second test hot water mixed with one spatula of sugar. stirred. average time 29.75sec

for the third test cold water mixed with one spatula of sugar. unstirred. average time 163.8sec

for the fourth test hot water mixed with one spatula of sugar. unstirred. average time 76.2sec

can experiment

Aim to see what happens when a can of hot water gets put in a cold tub of water. 

Hypothesis I think that the can will collapse and the can will fill with water very fast.

The Method we put hot water in a sprite can then put on an element to boil the water then when we put it in a tub of cold water see what happens. 

Results the water is pulled up into the can and is it crushed by the condensing gas in the can from the boiling water. 

discussion why this happened; this happened to because the water makes a air tight seal, steam takes up a lot of space and when the steam cools it contracts a lot pulling the walls of the can and water into the empity spqace in the can. 

particle theory

what are we learning in chemicals? 

Particle theory is the six rules of particles these are the six rules. these rule help determine how a substance will behave.  

- all matter is made up of particles 

- all particles in a pure substance are the same

- there is space between all particles

- particles are always moving 

- there are attractive forces between particles 

- temperature affects the speed at which particles move particles

Diffusion: Is the movement of particles from areas of high concentration to low concentration.

e.g perfume, or like if you add hot water to cold water the water will be hot on one side and cold on the other but over time the hot water will mix with the cold water (in a matter of seconds).     

Aim: To observe the effect of temperature on the speed of diffusion.

hypnosis: hot= fast cold=slow 

method: we added potassium permanganate to hot and cold water to see how fast the diffusion would happen. 

The explanation: the hot water moves the die much faster than the cold one it did this because the particles in the hot water were moving much faster because particle theory rule number six and also because there more heat = energy. 

the organs: the digeston system

proteins

Hypothesis I thought that the egg white (the experiment the I conducted) would be full of proteins which is why egg white has such a strange texture.

The results I found. The egg turned a dark purple meaning there were proteins.

The method was to add 5 drops of sodium hydroxide and 5 drops of copper sulfate and add the egg.

We were doing this to test and see what foods have proteins and what food don't.

dissection of the heart science

What were we learning? 

we were learning to dissect the heart and see all the mussels, arteries, veins, heartstrings and valves and how they work. Also, we were learning about how they work in the body and how the heart transports the blood around the body.

why where we dissecting a heart?

To see the inner workings of the heart and examine it. And because we were learning about the circulatory system.

what were the parts of there heart? and what parts did we see 

the parts in the heart are veins, arteries, atrium, ventricles, septum, valves, heartstrings. 

The parts that we saw where veins, arteries, ventricle, septum, a random blood clot.

did we enjoy the dissection? 

it was ok but maybe the heart should be more washed because while we were doing the dissection the heart smelt terrible and when we were cutting it blood would often come out.